by dumbledad
Malcolm X, a self-educated Muslim of African-American descent, gained fame for bringing two philosophies to the forefront of the civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s.
Malcolm developed and promoted a strategy of independence and self-sufficiency for the African-American race through racial and national separation. He held a deep-seated hatred for the white race, often referring to them as a race of white devils. His strategy was met with controversy, as it directly contradicted the theories of the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., which included nonviolent protest and a vision of a raceless society. Malcolm’s religion was inherently peaceful, but he believed that if African Americans were attacked in any way, it would be acceptable to use force in retaliation. Due to this view, many regarded Malcolm and other members of the Black Muslims as militant.
Malcolm believed that the idea of integration was futile, as the American socioeconomic system was unable to provide African Americans with the mass class mobility they were seeking. He argued that integration would only result in entry into the lowest levels of the working class. Instead, he believed that African Americans should embrace their African heritage and build up the race from within, a theory similar to those of Booker T. Washington and Marcus Garvey.
After a split in the Black Muslim groups, Malcolm went on a pilgrimage to Mecca, also known as the Hajj. On his Hajj, he saw a different side of the Islamic religion, witnessing Muslims of every race and color co-existing as brothers and sisters without separatist notions. This pilgrimage had a profound impact on his thinking and philosophies. Upon returning to the United States, Malcolm took on a position regarding the civil rights movement that was more closely associated with the teachings and preaching of Dr. King and other pro-integration activists.
Although Malcolm’s voice was almost directly oppositional to the philosophies presented by most prominent leaders at the heart of the civil rights movement, he will always be remembered for his fiery call to change the fate of the African-American race “By Any Means Necessary”.
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