by Wonderlane
Two essential and noble objectives of philosophy are to promote intellectual freedom and to awaken the desire for knowledge. In simpler terms, philosophy aims to encourage people to think and, ideally, to ponder more deeply about fundamental issues beyond those that occupy most of our daily lives. A brief examination of the issue of freedom versus determinism helps to outline the scope of philosophy and related controversies.
Theories concerned with the matter of freedom versus determinism seek to understand the nature of human behavior. Are human actions predictable in a scientific way? In other words, are there laws of nature, albeit complex and largely unknown, that could inform us what a person will do in a given situation and completely rule out any other possibility? This view, known as determinism, has been reinforced since the sixteenth century by the scientific principle of universal causation: every event has a cause, and predictions of outcomes can be made with total accuracy.
Hard determinism maintains that moral responsibility is incompatible with universal causation. Soft determinism argues that some behavior is free from compulsion, allowing people to be held morally responsible. Libertarians assert that humans do possess freedom of action; otherwise, they argue, human deliberation would be an illusion, which would be absurd. Furthermore, libertarians believe that concrete laws of human behavior will always be elusive, resulting in human behavior remaining unpredictable and uncontrollable. Moreover, a society perfected through the application of science to dictate specific human actions would be morally unacceptable.
The process of questioning the foundations of life requires a certain level of courage and emotional resilience. Independence of thought is crucial for a free society, and philosophy aims to inspire us to deeply consider the factors that matter in life.
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