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Sociobiology is a scientific synthesis that aims to explain social behavior in various animal species by examining the Darwinian advantages that specific actions may provide. It is often considered a branch of biology and sociology, drawing from ethology, anthropology, evolution, zoology, archaeology, population genetics, and other disciplines. In studying human societies, sociobiology is closely related to the fields of human behavioral ecology and evolutionary psychology Artists Psychology - Here's an interesting exclusive article Roland d’Humières, 56 years old psycho-analyst from Aix en Provence (France) has written for our Weblog. I think it to be a very interesting writing about the artists psychology, or maybe "arts psychology", what's behind an artists mind. Artists Psychology Whatever is his/her Art, painting, music, dance, writing, or any… .
Sociobiology investigates social behaviors, such as mating patterns, territorial disputes, pack hunting, and the hive society of social insects. It posits that just as selection pressures led animals to develop effective ways of interacting with their natural environment, it also led to the genetic evolution of beneficial social behavior.
Sociobiology has become one of the most significant scientific controversies of the late 20th and early 21st centuries, particularly in the context of explaining human behavior. While its application to non-human species is uncontroversial, criticisms, most notably from Richard Lewontin and Stephen Jay Gould, center on sociobiology’s claim that genes play a crucial role in human behavior and that traits like aggressiveness can be explained by biology rather than an individual’s social environment. Many sociobiologists, however, acknowledge a complex relationship between nature and nurture. In response to the controversy, anthropologist John Tooby and psychologist Leda Cosmides established evolutionary psychology as a less controversial branch of sociobiology by avoiding issues of human biodiversity.
For example, newly dominant male lions often kill cubs in their pride that they did not sire. This behavior is evolutionarily adaptive because eliminating the cubs reduces competition for their own offspring and causes nursing females to become receptive more quickly, thus allowing more of the male’s genes to enter the population. Sociobiologists would argue that this instinctual cub-killing behavior is inherited through the genes of successfully reproducing male lions, while non-killing behavior would have “died out” as those lions were less successful in reproducing.
Genetic mouse mutants have been used to demonstrate the influence of genes on behavior. For instance, the transcription factor FEV (aka Pet1) has been shown to be essential for normal aggressive and anxiety-like behavior through its role in maintaining the serotonergic system in the brain. When FEV is genetically removed from the mouse genome, male mice quickly attack other males, while their wild-type counterparts take much longer to initiate aggressive behavior. Furthermore, FEV has been shown to be necessary for proper maternal behavior in mice, such that their offspring do not survive unless cross-fostered to other wild-type female mice.
A genetic basis for instinctive behavioral traits among non-human species, as illustrated above, is widely accepted among many biologists. However, attempting to apply a genetic basis to explain complex behaviors in human societies remains highly controversial.
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